At present, the conventional process of synthesizing green ammonia has an enormous carbon footprint, as it emits ~3% of global carbon dioxide and consumes ~2% of the world’s total energy production, say IIT Jodhpur researchers.

Electrochemical synthesis route could be a vital choice for its synthesis, where Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR) is one of the hardest reactions to carry out due to the strong N-N triple bond coupled with poor nitrogen adsorption on many catalysts and presence of competitive hydrogen evolution reaction.

IIT Jodhpur researchers

IIT Jodhpur researchers comprises Dr Amitava Banerjee and his team. It is focusing on the design of electrocatalysts for green ammonia and green urea production.

Both will have less or negligible carbon footprint compared to existing conventional processes. Urea is a vital compound for societal development and the high presence of 46% nitrogen (by weight) makes it a major player of the fertilizer industry, say IIT Jodhpur researchers.

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Ammonia is also one of the key elements in the fertilizer industry as well as in paper, textile, rubber industries. Moreover, it could be a potential carrier for hydrogen for easy transportation and storage of the fuel, which may speed up the hydrogen economy in our country by utilizing the existing ammonia pipelines, say IIT Jodhpur team researchers.

One of the currently published research papers by the team in Catalysis Today Journal is DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114079.

So, our group’s primary objective is to computationally design the NRR catalysts and providing insight for the experimentally obtained NRR catalytic mechanism, said Dr Amitava Banerjee who is a part of IIT Jodhpur researchers.

The research methodology of IIT Jodhpur researchers includes in-depth understanding of density functional theory-based tools in combination of high-throughput structural search and materials informatics, said Dr Amitava.

So that we can cover efficiently a vast composition space as well as corresponding materials structures. No doubt this atomistic design insight will reduce the experimental time as well as resource-expenditures for searching suitable NRR catalysts, he said.

NRR

There are various ways NRR can happen, and each catalyst, mostly transition metal based, behaves differently in terms of its effectiveness.

The identified two promising single atom catalyst (SAC) candidates for NRR by the IIT Jodhpur researchers are:

· Fe and Mn-based SAC has the lowest overpotential compared to other 3-d series elements in the distal and alter process, respectively.

· These catalysts also have depicted better selectivity to NRR compared to competitive HER.

Another interesting option the team has explored is metal oxynitrides (represented as AxByOwNz). This is a less explored class of materials for NRR, and has a lot of potential.

As an extension of the ongoing search for NRR catalysts, IIT Jodhpur researchers has also discovered in collaboration with a catalytic mechanism involving two different transition metals, in collaboration with Dr. Ghorai’s group of Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamanidira, Belur Math.

This mechanism efficiently activates the nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) triple bond and promotes the formation of carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bonds, ultimately leading to the production of environmentally friendly urea.

The future research target of the group is exploring electrochemical synthesis of ammonia from various nitrogenous pollutants. The lab at IIT Jodhpur working on the designing of electrocatalysts for synthesis of “Green Ammonia” and led by Dr. Amitava Banerjee is currently being funded by Science and Engineering Research Board, SERB (DST)-SRG.

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An effort that is highly valuable, to get an opportunity to make that effort one has to pass NDA and NA exam and to pass that one needs a good study plan, this is where NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation comes into the picture.

Exam pattern

The first thing to do is to understand the exam pattern, this is really essential, understanding how the exam is conducted will help students form a good NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation strategy. Pattern of the exam is:

Before diving into NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation, it’s crucial to understand the exam pattern. The test consists of two sections:

1. Mathematics: 300 marks
2. General Ability Test: 600 marks

The total duration of the exam is 5 hours, and the questions are multiple-choice based.

Creating a NDA and NA Exam 2025 Preparation Plan

To develop an effective NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation plan, follow these steps:

1. Set realistic goals: Break down your study material into manageable chunks, and set achievable goals for each study session.

2. Identify your weaknesses: Focus on improving your weak areas, and allocate more time to those subjects.

3. Allocate time wisely: Divide your study time into two sections: Mathematics and General Ability Test.

Study Materials for NDA and NA Exam 2025 Preparation

To aid your NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation, utilize the following study materials:

1. NCERT textbooks: Focus on NCERT textbooks for Mathematics and General Ability Test, as they provide a solid foundation.

2. Reference books: Supplement your NCERT textbooks with reference books like RS Aggarwal, RD Sharma, and Lucent.

3. Online resources: Utilize online resources like Khan Academy, Unacademy, and BYJU’S for additional study materials.

Practice and Revision for NDA and NA Exam 2025 Preparation

Practice and revision are crucial components of NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation. Follow these tips:

1. Take mock tests: Regularly take mock tests to assess your knowledge, identify weak areas, and improve your time management skills.

2. Practice previous year’s papers: Practice previous year’s papers to get familiar with the exam pattern and question types.

3. Create revision notes: Create concise revision notes for each subject, highlighting key concepts and formulas.

Time Management for NDA and NA Exam 2025 Preparation

Effective time management is essential for NDA and NA Exam preparation. Follow these tips:

1. Create a schedule: Plan out your study schedule in advance, allocating specific times for each subject.

2. Use time-blocking: Divide your study time into focused blocks, eliminating distractions during each block.

3. Take breaks: Take regular breaks to avoid burnout and maintain a healthy work-life balance.

Staying Motivated for NDA and NA Exam Preparation

Staying motivated is crucial for NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation. Follow these tips:

1. Remind yourself of your goals: Keep your goals in mind, and remind yourself why you’re working towards NDA and NA Exam 2025.

2. Celebrate small victories: Reward yourself for small milestones achieved during your preparation journey.

3. Seek support: Surround yourself with supportive friends and family, and consider joining a study group for motivation.

Final Tips for NDA and NA Exam 2025 Preparation

1. Stay consistent: Consistency is key to success in NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation.

2. Practice under timed conditions: Practice solving questions under timed conditions to improve your speed and accuracy.

3. Stay positive: Maintain a positive attitude throughout your preparation journey.

By incorporating these final tips into your NDA and NA Exam 2025 preparation strategy, you’ll be well on your way to achieving success.

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