IIT Mandi researchers led by Dr. Amit Prasad, Associate Professor, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, has made significant strides in the development of vaccines against the pork tapeworm (T. solium).
This tapeworm is responsible for both intestinal infections and the more severe brain infection that leads to seizures. Their research, conducted in collaboration with scientists from Dayanand Medical College and Hospital in Punjab and the CSIR-Institute for Himalayan Bioresource Technology in Himachal Pradesh, presents a novel, faster, and more effective approach to producing vaccines for challenging infectious diseases, say IIT Mandi researchers.
WHO
The WHO identifies the pork tapeworm as a major cause of foodborne deaths, causing substantial disability-adjusted life year losses, say IIT Mandi researchers.
It contributes to 30% of epilepsy cases in developing nations, rising to 45%-50% in areas with poor hygiene and free-roaming pigs. In North India, brain infection prevalence is alarmingly high at 48.3%.
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WHO’s “2030 Roadmap of Priority Neglected Tropical Diseases” aims to combat T. solium and similar infections affecting 1.5 billion people globally, say IIT Mandi researchers.
Common approach
While the mass administration of deworming drugs such as Albendazole and Praziquantel has been a common approach, it has encountered challenges, including reduced public participation and an increased risk of drug resistance.
As a result, this method has not achieved the desired results, say IIT Mandi researchers.
Vaccines
Traditionally, tapeworm vaccines have been developed using products or antigens derived from tapeworm eggs or larvae. However, these methods are not always reliable and can be time-consuming, say IIT Mandi researchers.
Injecting the entire tapeworm or parts of the tape worm to kick start the body’s immune system is not a safe or practical approach. A better and safer method is to inject only specific protein fragments from the tapeworm into the human.
This approach minimizes side effects and prevents the tapeworm from developing resistance to the vaccine, say IIT Mandi researchers.
Identification
The identification of the right protein fragment with strong vaccination potential is a painstaking and time-consuming process. A more innovative and efficient approach is needed to expedite progress in tapeworm vaccine development and the IIT Mandi researchers used a combination of protein studies and bio-informatics to develop a method of selection.
Elaboration by IIT Mandi researchers
Elaborating on their research, Dr. Amit Prasad, Associate Professor, School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Mandi, said first, they identified specific antigens from the cyst fluid of the tapeworm that trigger an immune response by testing them with the blood serum from patients.
Then, they analyzed these antigens using immune-informatics tools to find safe and effective protein fragments. They combined these fragments to create a multi-part vaccine, taking into account factors such as size, stability, and compatibility with the immune system, said Dr Amit who led IIT Mandi researchers.
Immune receptors
IIT Mandi researchers discovered that the vaccine interacted effectively with immune receptors and should stimulate the body’s defense system efficiently.
This research establishes a foundation for developing vaccines against neglected tropical diseases caused by similar parasites in the future, say IIT Mandi researchers.
Further animal and clinical studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this promising vaccine candidate.
Amalgamation
The amalgamation of protein studies with bioinformatics is a groundbreaking approach for identifying potential protein-based vaccines in a cost-effective and timely manner, say IIT Mandi researchers.
This concentrated effort may provide a new tool for healthcare workers to combat neurocysticercosis and could serve as a model for addressing other neglected tropical diseases.
The details of this work have been published in the USA’s Journal of Cellular Biochemistry and co-authored by Dr. Rimanpreet Kaur, Prof. Gagandeep Singh, Dr. Naina Arora, Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Mr. Suraj S. Rawat, and Dr. Amit Prasad. The paper may be accessed at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcb.30467.