Natural Products

• Secondary metabolites
• Phytochemistry
• Methods of extraction, isolation, and characterization of natural products
• Biosynthetic pathways
• Important therapeutic classes
• Primary metabolites
• Marine natural products
• Plant growth regulators
• Spectroscopy
• Dietary antioxidants

Stereochemistry

• Pharmacology and toxicology
• Evaluation of formulation, principles, and methods of release control in oral formulations
• Bioavailability, bioequivalence studies
• Compartmental modelling
• Packaging
• Dosage forms
• Additives of formulation, types, examples, advantages, disadvantages, drug excipient interaction, incompatibility, various types of incompatibilities
• (TDDS)
•  Fischer, sawhorse and Newman projection formulas
•  Standardization of natural products
•  Various adrenergic, cholinergic and other receptors
•  Pharmaceutics and formulation (Pharmaceutical Technology)
•  Pharmacokinetics
•  Pharmacodynamics
•  The pharmacological effect, desired, undesired, toxic, adverse effects
•  Bioavailability, bioequivalence, various factors of ADME
•  Drug metabolism
•  Drug interactions, agonist, antagonist, protein binding, drug distribution, distribution volume, excretion pathways
•  Pharmacological screening
•  Mechanism of drug action
•  Drug-receptor interaction
•  Detailed study of CNS pharmacology Transdermal drug delivery systems
•  Diseases
•  Chemotherapy and pathophysiology
•  Bioassay methods
•  Drug delivery systems (DDS)
•  Carriers in DDS
•  Biological sources of important classes of natural products
•  Parenteral
•  Drug targeting
• Complexation
• Solubilisation
• Dosage form development- stages, implications of dosage form
• Viscosity measurements

Pharmaceutical analysis

• Stability testing of pharmaceuticals, various stability tests, kinetic studies, shelf-life determination, thermal stability, formulation stability
• Various analytical techniques
• Tests: physical and chemical tests, limit tests, microbiological tests, biological tests, disintegration and dissolution tests.
• Solubility
• Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS): principles, absorption enhancers, evaluation of TDDS.
• Carriers in DDS: polymers and their classification, types, carbohydrates, surfactants, proteins, lipids, prodrugs etc. 
• Drug delivery systems (DDS): NDDS models, osmotic pumps, various release patterns
• Osmolality, osmolality, osmotic pressure, conductivity, Preservatives, Media for bioassay.
• Spectroscopic methods
• Electrophoresis
• UV-Visible
• NMR
• XRD
• IR
• Fluorimetry
•  HPLC
•  IR
•  GC
•  LCMS
•  Mass
•  NMR Peaks
•  Particle sizing
•  Chromatography- detailed QA and QC: GLP, TQM, ISO system
•  Preformulation, cyclodextrin inclusion compounds
•  Crystallinity, polymorphism, solvates and hydrates, crystal habits, porosity, surface area flow properties.
•  Dosage forms, Stages of dosage form development

Biotechnology and biochemistry

• Pharmaceutical technology
• Classification of enzymes and the mechanism of their function of action of
•  Genetic Engineering
•  Blotting techniques(Western, southern)
•  Gel electrophoresis
•  Gene cloning
•  Immunoassays, protein
•  RNA synthesis
•  DNA synthesis
•  rDNA technology

Gene expression

• Mutation
• Replication
• Transcription, translation
• Recombination, bacteriophages

Cloning

• Fermentation
• Methods, isolation of nucleic acids, enzymes in cloning

Chemistry

• Basic organic chemistry and biochemistry Stereochemistry
• Osazone test
• Mutarotation
• Medicinal chemistry and Bulk Drugs
• Keto-enol tautomerism
• IUPAC nomenclature
• Introduction to thermal methods of analysis
• Introduction to Redox reactions
• Imine-enamine
• Hybridization
• Amino acids proteins
• Type of stereoisomer
• Basic methods of synthesis of various organic compounds
• Named reactions
• Various Heterocycles, Heterocycle synthesis, reactions
• Tautomerism
• Spectroscopy
• Resolution methods
• Reaction kinetics, first second third and pseudo-first-order reactions, radiolabeling for determination of mechanism.
• Racemic mixture
• R and S nomenclature
• Reactions like Cannizarro’s reaction
• Pericyclic reactions
• Ester hydrolysis
• Huckel’s rule reaction mechanisms-
• E and Z isomerism
• Common condensation reactions like Aldol, Claisen Perkin, Dickmann, Darzen
• Chromatography
• Carbohydrates classification
• Aromaticity

Aptitude

• Simple Mathematics
• logical reasoning and data analysis,
• questions based on the English language 

Pharmacology

• Bioavailability, bioequivalence, various factors of ADME
• Bioassay methods, various requirements. Brief knowledge of the statistical tests.
• Chemotherapy and pathophysiology- knowledge of antibiotics, their mode of action and the microorganisms responsible for various common diseases.
• Diseases: a study of the pharmacology of the diseases and drugs used with the mode of action especially of diabetes, malaria, leishmaniasis, TB, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, inflammation, and immunomodulation.
• Study of the basis of threshold areas of work in NIPER in the pharmacology dept. Mentioned in the brochure.
• Detailed study of CNS pharmacology especially opioid receptors
• Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacological effect, desired, undesired, toxic, adverse effects.
• Drug metabolism: various pathways and other details.
• Drug interactions, agonist, antagonist, Mechanism of drug action, drug-receptor interaction.
• Various adrenergic, cholinergic and other receptors
• Partial agonist, protein binding, drug distribution, distribution volume, excretion pathways etc.

Phytochemistry

• Methods of extraction, isolation, and characterization of natural products.
• Various separation techniques used for the isolation of natural products.
• Biosynthetic pathways.
• Primary metabolites, their examples
• Secondary metabolites, various classes of secondary metabolites (Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, lignans, saponins, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins, etc.).
• Important therapeutic classes: anti-diabetics, hepato-protectives, immunomodulators, nutraceuticals, natural products for gynaecological disorders, anti-cancer, anti-viral (mainly anti-HIV), adaptogens etc.
• Dietary antioxidants, Marine natural products, plant growth regulators.
• Fischer projection formulas.
• Biological sources of important classes of natural products. (Selected ones only)
• Standardization of natural products, analytical pharmacognosy.
• Difference between natural products and pharmacognosy
• Some knowledge about types and preparation of ayurvedic formulations like asava, arista etc.